The Extracellular Matrix of Multi-Cellular Animals

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a feature of all multi cellular animals . It is a complex network of proteins secreted locally by cells via exocytosisalberts. The protein components that form the ECM include proteoglycans, glycoproteins such as fibronectin and fibres such as collagen. In addition a family of five matricellular proteins called thrombospondins are present. All cells are in close contact with the ECM either continuously or at important phases of their development27. The ECM provides a physical environment in which a cell exists. It supplies the substrate for cell anchorage, wound repair and for transmitting environmental signals which affects the proliferation, differentiation and survival of a cell 1. Even though the assembly of ECM proteins into the highly organized functional matrix is known to be absolutely vital for the survival and normal development of animals it is still not fully understood5. Continued understanding of this dynamic structure is needed due to the important role the ECM plays in the normal development and function of tissues, homeostasis, wound repair and regeneration in multi cellular organisms. Therefore among the many ECM protein components that interact, the formation of collagen networks is pertinent to this study. The collagens are arguably the most dominant protein in the ECM. The collagens represent a large heterogeneous family of ECM glycoproteins which contain at least one triple helical domain collagen family. AllShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells1572 Words   |  7 Pagestypical eukaryotic cells. Cells can be organised into three domains as stated by Embley and Williams (2015): Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes (Eukarya). This is based on the findings of Carl Woesse, who in 1985, discovered three domains in which all cellular life on Earth can be sorted using their ribosomal RNA sequencing. Woesse introduced the domains as Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea as a basis for a more accurate form of classification as opposed to the five-kingdom taxonomy (Woesse et al. 1990). FromRead MoreChemical Compounds That Transmit Neural Signals From One Neuron1475 Words   |  6 Pagesprobing various neurotransmitters with spine-sized spatial resolution. Instead of probing the neurotransmitters directly, one could probe the neurotransmitter binding events by coupling it to a different optical readout using a multi-component system. Nguyen et al. described a multi-component system, called cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (CNiFERs), to monitor in situ neurotransmitter receptor activation {Nguyen, 2010 #921}. CNiFERs are engineered cultured cells that stablyRead MoreEpithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)2859 Words   |  11 PagesEpithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process that is essential for normal processes in many organisms, including embryonic development and wound healing, and is recapitulated in human disease, contributing to organ fibrosis and cancer progression (Thiery et al. 2009; Yang and Weinberg 2008). EMT describes the conversion of a cell with an epithelial phenotype to one with mesenchymal characteristics and can be a partial or complete transformation. Epithelial cells fo rm the bordersRead MoreA Comparison Of Current Biofilm Prevention Methods And Prevention2632 Words   |  11 Pageshydrogel forms out of sugars and proteins, allowing liquid currents to flow through it which provides the bacteria with plenty of nutrients and oxygen which they share with one another, communicating via quorum sensing and working together such as a multi-cellular organism would (MSU 2013). Quorum sensing is basically numerous cells communicating with one another, stimulating and responding, signifying when the best time is to release certain substances which allows them to succeed as a colony and coordinatingRead MoreEssay6093 Words   |  25 Pages By: Razia Saleem Quaid - e - Azam University Dept : Animal Sciences MSc 2nd Semester Index Page # 1. 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A) single linear B) single circular -C) multiple linear D) multiple circular 4. Which energy-producing process is thought to have come first during cellular evolution? A) Photosynthesis -B) Glycolysis C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) All originated at the same time 5. At the time life arose on Earth, Earths atmosphere contained all but which of the following? A) H2 B) N2 -C) O2 Read MoreDental Question Bank33485 Words   |  134 Pagesimprovement in oral hygiene Prevent gingivitis Reduce the need for patient cooperation 117. Plaque is considered as an infection because A. Antibiotic therapy prevents or stop its formation B. Indication of bacterial activity C. It is common to both animal and human 23 118. Which of the following is true in relation to dental decay A. Foods that require vigorous mastication will increase salivary flow and reduce PH B. Tooth brushing immediately after meals is most effective because demineralisation

Igneous Rock Free Essays

Igneous rocks originate from deep within the Earth’s crust. Igneous rocks (from the Greek word for fire) are formed when magma crystallizes and solidifies. An increase in temperature, a change in the composition, or decrease in the pressure can cause melting of these rocks in the mantle which form igneous rocks. We will write a custom essay sample on Igneous Rock or any similar topic only for you Order Now The melt begins deep below the surface of the Earth close to active plate boundaries. As the temperate increases the rocks rise toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two categories, intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the magma solidifies (USGS, 2004). Intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface of the Earth. These types of rocks cool very slowly and have mineral grains that can usually be seen with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks have a coarse grained texture. One example of an intrusive igneous rock would be granite. Extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rocks are formed when magma exits and cools outside of the Earth’s surface. These types of rocks are formed when lava flows from volcanoes. They solidify above the surface and have much shorter cooling times. Because lava cools and crystallizes quickly, it is a fine grain. The grains in extrusive rocks are quite small, so to classify them they have to be placed under a microscope to examine the thin sections to determine the mineral constituents. Given that igneous rocks form from a liquid state, their mineral grains are packed together very tightly (Geo. a, n. d. ). One distinguishing characteristic between the two categories of rocks is that intrusive rocks are formed below the surface and extrusive rocks are formed above the surface. Another distinguishing characteristic is that intrusive rocks have a coarse grained texture and extrusive rocks have a fine grain texture. Intrusive rocks cool and solidify very slowly whereas extrusive rocks have a much shorter cooling time which means they solidify faster. Reference Geology in the National Parks (January 13, 2004) Rocks. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/rxmin/rock.html Igneous Rocks (n.d.) What are Rocks. Retrieved March 24, 2010 from http://www.geo.ua.edu/intro03/ignis.html How to cite Igneous Rock, Papers

Health Care for American Journal of Bioethics- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Care for American Journal of Bioethics. Answer: The Case study is about Amos, a student who is residing outside the school compound. Some of his classmates live in the school while others stay in residence near the learning Institution. A nearby hospital alerts the school, where Amos is a student, about Cholera outbreak. The health facility urges all students to visit the hospital for checkup and treatment for infected students. Majority of the students had Cholera, Amos included. The hospital management realized that the number of students infected was high and they required treatment immediately. Facilities at the hospital are not enough to medically attend to all patients. The doctors decide to attend to students who live within the school compound; thus disadvantaging the day scholars such as Amos. Amos argued that, besides residing outside the school compound, he was one of the school students and should have received medical attention. However, his pleading fell on deaf ears; he was forced to return home. By the time, he went back; he was in the worst Health condition. Amos eventually succumbed to Cholera. Ethical Issues in the Case Study First, Amos was one of the students in the school and should have received medical attention like other students. Therefore, the doctors disrespected Amos thoughts and decision violating his Autonomy. Secondly, Amos is a student just like others. He requires equal treatment; the doctors should not deny him. Thus, the doctors are wrong as they mistreat Amos. The treatment of Amos goes against the ethical principles of Justice. Thirdly, failure of the doctors to treat Amos because he is a day scholar does not do well to him as he later dies of Cholera. The misconduct by Doctors goes against the principles of beneficence. Non-maleficence requires that the doctor's actions do not cause pain to the patient; however, the clinicians failure to treat Amos lead to his death. The Government of Australia is also on the list of those on the blame list concerning the situation of Amos. The national executive is unjust as it fails to allocate enough resources to cater for the health needs of all citizens. Human Dignity Human Dignity recognizes that individuals have a unique value that resides within them. Thus, everybody, including health practitioners should respect the personality of one another (Matiti, 2015). The dignity of a person is God-given; appreciating the fact that God created humans in his image and likeness (Cherangi, 2014). Every individual, regardless of gender, race, age, and worthy deserve respectful treatment from everyone (Matiti, 2015). Amos resides outside the school compound as compared to other classmates who live within the school premises. The fact that he differs with classmates regarding the area of residence should not allow the nurses at the health facility to deny him treatment. After all, he remains to be a human being just like other classmates; hence, deserves respect and equal treatment. Human Rights The World Health Organization (W.H.O) outlays the rights that every country, Australia included, should accord to its citizens. The organization recognizes health as a fundamental human right (Faden, 2014). Any state should ensure that citizens access cheap and acceptable health care. Furthermore, patients should access health services in good time (Faden, 2014). Australian government fails to meet all requirements of the clause; since Amos receives medical attention too late as he dies. According to W.H.O, the national executive of any nation should allocate enough resources; ensuring that all citizens receive proper medical care (Khademi, 2017). Australian administration denies Amos, the right to healthcare; since the resources at the facility are meager. The limited resources compel the nurses to attend only to students residing within the school compound. The third provision states that: individuals who are less privileged should get priority when it comes to treatment (Khademi, 2017). Amos and other day scholars are not at the same level with other boarding students. Hence, should get the priority. Contrary to the clause, boarders receive the first attention as day scholars get no attention; leading to the death of Amos. In the fourth provision to all nations, the constitution of W.H.O alludes to human dignity (Faden, 2014). The clause states that everyone should enjoy the rights to better healthcare regardless of social status or race. Amos deserves an equal opportunity to treatment; regardless of his area of residence. Rights to Healthcare affect all members of a nation; thus, all stakeholders should support the legislature in ensuring that every citizen accesses affordable medical attention (Khademi, 2017). Australian Code of Ethics There are many Ethical Codes that the nurses ignored in Amos' case. The first code requires Nurses to prioritize the provision of exemplary care for every Australian citizen (Atkins, De Lacey, Britton, Ripperger, 2017). The nurse and the doctor at the facility close to Amos school violate the first code. Amos is an Australian citizen and deserves the best care from any hospital in the country. The second code state that nurses should be respectful and kind both to themselves and to their patients (Atkins et al., 2017). By not attending to Amos, they disrespect Amos. The third code states that Australian nurses should respect the rich diversity of the Australian population (Atkins et al., 2017). Therefore, the fact that Amos stays outside the school should not prevent him from accessing healthcare. The fourth code states that nurses should prioritize the provision of first-class care to all citizens (Atkins et al., 2017). Amos fails to access proper attention from the health facility. The fifth code requires nurses to make informed decisions concerning treatment. The art of failing to treat Amos is a poor decision. The eighth code of ethics needs nurses to promote an economically viable, socially binding and ecological friendly care for patients (Atkins et al., 2017). Amos fails to access the five codes discussed above. Australian Nursing Professional Code of Conduct The Nursing board in Australia has devised codes that every nurse and other health practitioners should observe when administering treatment. The first Code explains that the nurses should create a mostly safe environment and be competent in discharging their duties (Kangasniemi, Pakkanen, Korhonen, 2015). The Nurses' failure to attend to Amos showed their incompetency and disregard to the first code of Conduct. The second Code states that nurses should offer treatment concerning acceptable professional standards (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). Failure to treat any Australian patient is unacceptable in any health facility. The third code indicates that nurses should observe relevant laws when discharging their duties (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). The inability to treat Amos is unlawful and goes against the code. The fourth code insinuates that nurses should respect the cultural diversity of the Australian citizens (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). Additionally, ethical and any other type of disparity should not bar an individual from accessing healthcare. Moreover, a person's dignity, beliefs, and values should assume center stage when nurses are administering treatment (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). The nurse at the hospital disrespects the diversity of students when they fail to attend to Amos medically. The ninth code of nursing professionalism requires nurses to gain the nation's confidence and trust by providing unrivaled care for patients (Kangasniemi et al., 2015). Amos loses faith and trust in the Australian health system when he misses essential medical care. Ethical Principles Nonmaleficence The principle of nonmaleficence indicates that any medical attention towards the patient should not harm that patient (Chua, 2015). The physicians at the health facility that is near the school where Amos was studying, blatantly refuse to treat him. The clinicians go against the principle of nonmaleficence as their refusal to address Amos leads to his death. Justice The principle of Justice indicates that all citizens regardless of their status in the society should enjoy the medical services that the government provides (Dal-Re, 2014). The department of health in various countries should equitably distribute health facilities (Dal-Re, 2014). Amos is a citizen just like the student residing in school; hence should receive treatment. Autonomy Physicians should allow the patients to air their views on treatment procedures freely. Furthermore, the clinicians should respect the opinions of the patients (Holmes, 2016). In Case Study one, the Nurse and Doctor on duty allow Amos to present his say. Amos claims that he is a student of the same school like the others receiving treatment; therefore, should also get medical attention (Gilbert, 2015). However, the doctors disrespect the views of Amos as they refuse to treat him. Beneficence Any medical attention should benefit the patient. Clinicians should shy away from harming patients during treatment (Beauchamp, 2016). In the first place, Amos does not get medical attention from the specialists. The failure of the clinicians to attend to him leads to his death. Recommendations The governments in all nations worldwide, especially in developing countries should learn from Australia and equip health facilities with enough resources to cater for all patients. Secondly, health practitioners should respect the dignity of patients. Thirdly, the various national executives should draft laws to protect patients from physician mistreatment. Fourthly, the clinicians should obey a nations professional code of conduct when attending to patients. Furthermore, the Australian government should introduce policies that ensure that healthcare is affordable to all. Finally, health practitioners should observe ethical principles of Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, and nonmaleficence. References Atkins, K., De Lacey, S., Britton, B., Ripperger, R. (2017). Ethics and law for Australian nurses. Cambridge University Press. Beauchamp, T. L. (2016). Principlism in Bioethics. In Bioethical Decision Making and Argumentation (pp. 1-16). Springer, Cham. Chimonas, S., DeVito, N. J., Rothman, D. J. (2017). Bringing transparency to medicine: Exploring physicians' views and experiences of the Sunshine Act. The American Journal of Bioethics, 17(6), 4-18. Chua, S. J., Pitts, M. (2015). The Ethics of Prescription of Placebos to Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Chinese medical journal, 128(11), 1555. Dal-R, R., Katsanis, N., Katsanis, S., Parker, L. S., Ayuso, C. (2014). Managing incidental genomic findings in clinical trials: fulfillment of the principle of justice. PLoS medicine, 11(1), e1001584. Cheraghi, M. A., Manookian, A., Nasrabadi, A. N. (2014). Human dignity in religion-embedded cross-cultural nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(8), 916-928. Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L., Kass, N. E. (2014). Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care. N Engl J Med, 370(8), 766-768. Gilbert, F. (2015). A threat to autonomy? The intrusion of predictive brain implants. AJOB Neuroscience, 6(4), 4-11. Holmes, D. (2016). Critical interventions in the ethics of healthcare: Challenging the principle of autonomy in bioethics. Routledge. Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(8), 1744-1757. Khademi, M., Mohammadi, E., Vanaki, Z. (2017). On the violation of hospitalized patients rights: A qualitative study. Nursing ethics, 0969733017709334. Matiti, M. R. (2015). Learning to promote patient dignity: An inter-professional approach. Nurse education in practice, 15(2), 108-110.

Many People Believe Abortion Is A Moral Issue, But It Is Also Essays

Many people believe abortion is a moral issue, but it is also a constitutional issue. It is a woman's right to choose what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, which contains the right to privacy. The ninth amendment states: "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." This right guarantees the right to women, if they so choose, to have an abortion, up to the end of the first trimester. Regardless of the fact of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a "pro-life" view argue that a woman who has an abortion is killing a child. The "pro-choice" perspective holds this is not the case. A fetus is not yet a baby. It does not posess the criteria derived from our understanding of living human beings. In a notable defense of this position, philosopher Mary Anne Warren has proposed the following criteria for "person-hood": 1) consciousness (of objects and events external and or internal to the being), and in particular the capacity to feel pain. 2) reasoning (the developed capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems) 3) self-motivated activity (activity which is relatively independent of either genetic or direct external control) 4) the capacity to communicate, by whatever means, messages of an indefinite variety of possible contents, but on indefinltely many possible topics. 5) the presence of self-concepts, and self-awareness, either individual or social, or both. (Taking Sides -Volume 3). Several cases have been fought for the right to choose. Many of these have been hard cases with very personal feelings, but the perserverance showed through and gives us the rights we have today. Here are some important cases: 1965 - Griswold v. Connecticut - upheld the right to privacy and ended the ban on birth control. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled the right to privacy included abortions. Roe v. Wade was based upon this case. 1973 - Roe v. Wade: - The state of Texas had outlawed abortions. The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional, but refused to order an injunction against the state. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court voted the right to privacy included abortions. In 1976, Planned Parenthood v. Danforth (Missouri) ruled that requiring consent by the husband and the consent from a parent if a person was under 18 was unconstitutional. This case supported a woman's control over her own body and reproductive system. Justice William Brennan stated: "If the right to privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwanted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision to bear or beget a child." Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in the world today. Everyone has their own individual opinion. A woman's body is hers and hers alone. Nobody has the right to make her do something that she does not want to. The Supreme Court has stated it is the women's right to have an abortion, if she so chooses, according to Roe v. Wade. In later cases however, the Court has upheld Roe in Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). In the same ruling, though, the Court gave states new powers to restrict access to abortions. (Hardy, pg. 189). Abortion deals with one's private life and should have nothing to do with the government. However, abortion should not be used as a means of birth control, but if a fetus will be unwanted, it is better to be aborted than to be abused or neglected. Many people try to force their beliefs on others and judge them for their actions. These people need to judge themselves before they start to judge others. The bottom line is no matter what anyone thinks the laws speak for themselves. It is a woman's right to privacy to control her reproductive system guaranteed by the constitution. Although there are some restrictions on abortion, due to the states' rights, it is still ultimately the woman's choice. It is not a requirement for some states to fund for abortions, therefore, especially in these states it should be the woman's choice. Abortion is an issue of women, and so it should be the woman's right to choose. She has the free will to consider others views and opinions such as that of the father, but it is her ultimate decision guaranteed by